planning recovery, continued logistics, support of life by volunteer and NPO are very important.
4) Recovery: Care of PTSD, removal of debris, planning of enforcement of infrastructure are also included.
5) Social mitigation: Construction of amenity and ecological infrastructures will recover urban environment.
3.3 Tsunami disaster management
As the secondary disasters, tsunami disaster is very important in bay area facing the Pacific. Construction of hard countermeasure against tsunami is very expensive. Moreover, tsunami disaster occurs with very low frequency. Tsunami warning system depend on numerical simulation with fault model, depth sounding charts and location of epicenter. In Japan, the issue of tsunami warning takes less five minutes after earthquake. But, this is not enough because the epicenter is sometimes close to land. Extremely, daring shaking due to earthquake, tsunami will come. Under these conditions, quick evacuation is truly recommended This system can not be introduced in Indonesia because lade of information about historical tsunami data and accurate depth sounding. In Indonesia preparedness in disaster management and mitigation by planning are important. Disaster education about tsunami characteristics and set back line are essentials of reduction of human damage.
4. DISASTER LESSONS
There are many lessons to be learned from the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake disaster in relation to emergency management:
1) Reinforcement of old buildings and infrastructures
2) Revision of the Disaster Countermeasure Act
3) Expensive land costs stop public works within the inner city
4) Disaster reduction or mitigation must be adopted
5) Emergency management should be based on philosophy
6) Management of information is the key to disaster reduction
5. CONCLUSIONS
Urban disasters are one of environmental problems which include global environmental problems. Construction of infrastructures has supported rapid industrialization, but by only hard countermeasures, it is impossible to reduce human and property damage. Soft countermeasures should be included with disaster information systems. Post-disaster crisis management is also essential. Especially, social mitigation defined here play a important role to get good urban environment.
